Expandable fusion device and method of installation thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides an expandable fusion device capable of being installed inside an intervertebral disc space to maintain normal disc spacing and restore spinal stability, thereby facilitating an intervertebral fusion. In one embodiment, the fusion device includes a central ramp, a first endplate, and a second endplate, the central ramp capable of being moved in a first direction to move the first and second endplates outwardly and into an expanded configuration. The fusion device is capable of being deployed down an endoscopic tube.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/961,603, titled Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof, filed on Aug. 7, 2013 (published as US 2014/0067071), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/531,844, entitled “Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof,” filed on Jun. 25, 2012 (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,279), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/875,637, entitled “Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof,” filed on Sep. 3, 2010 (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,845,731), the entire disclosures of all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the apparatus and method for promoting an intervertebral fusion, and more particularly relates to an expandable fusion device capable of being inserted between adjacent vertebrae to facilitate the fusion process.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A common procedure for handling pain associated with intervertebral discs that have become degenerated due to various factors such as trauma or aging is the use of intervertebral fusion devices for fusing one or more adjacent vertebral bodies. Generally, to fuse the adjacent vertebral bodies, the intervertebral disc is first partially or fully removed. An intervertebral fusion device is then typically inserted between neighboring vertebrae to maintain normal disc spacing and restore spinal stability, thereby facilitating an intervertebral fusion.

There are a number of known conventional fusion devices and methodologies in the art for accomplishing the intervertebral fusion. These include screw and rod arrangements, solid bone implants, and fusion devices which include a cage or other implant mechanism which, typically, is packed with bone and/or bone growth inducing substances. These devices are implanted between adjacent vertebral bodies in order to fuse the vertebral bodies together, alleviating the associated pain.

However, there are drawbacks associated with the known conventional fusion devices and methodologies. For example, present methods for installing a conventional fusion device often require that the adjacent vertebral bodies be distracted to restore a diseased disc space to its normal or healthy height prior to implantation of the fusion device. In order to maintain this height once the fusion device is inserted, the fusion device is usually dimensioned larger in height than the initial distraction height. This difference in height can make it difficult for a surgeon to install the fusion device in the distracted intervertebral space.

As such, there exists a need for a fusion device capable of being installed inside an intervertebral disc space at a minimum to no distraction height and for a fusion device that can maintain a normal distance between adjacent vertebral bodies when implanted.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention provides an expandable fusion device capable of being installed inside an intervertebral disc space to maintain normal disc spacing and restore spinal stability, thereby facilitating an intervertebral fusion. In one embodiment, the fusion device includes a central ramp, a first endplate, and a second endplate. The central ramp may be capable of moving in a first direction to push the first and second endplates outwardly and into an unexpanded configuration. The expandable fusion device may be capable of being placed into the disc space down an endoscopic tube and then expanded into an expanded configuration.

Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred or exemplary embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side view of an embodiment of an expandable fusion device shown between adjacent vertebrae according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a side view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a side view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the central ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the driving ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a perspective of an endplate of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 a perspective view showing placement of the first endplate of an embodiment of an expandable fusion device down an endoscopic tube and into the disc space in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing placement of the second endplate of the expandable fusion device down an endoscopic tube and into the disc space in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing placement of the central ramp of the expandable fusion device down an endoscopic tube and into the disc space in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing expansion of the expandable fusion device in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a side schematic view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 having different endplates;

FIG. 16 is a partial side schematic view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 showing different modes of endplate expansion;

FIG. 17 is a side schematic view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 1 with artificial endplates shown between adjacent vertebrae;

FIG. 18 is a front perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19 is a front perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 21 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 22 is a side view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a side view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 24 is a perspective of an endplate of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 25 is a perspective view of the central ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 26 is a side view of the central ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 27 is a top view of the central ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 28 a perspective view showing placement of the central ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 29 is a perspective view showing placement of the first endplate of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 30 is a perspective view showing placement of the second endplate of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 31 is a perspective view showing placement of the actuation member of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 32 is a perspective view showing expansion of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 33 is a front perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 34 is a front perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 33 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 35 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 33 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 36 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 33 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 37 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 33 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 38 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 33 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 39 is a perspective of an endplate of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 33 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 40 is a rear perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 41 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 40 shown in a partially expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 42 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 40 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 43 is a side exploded view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 40 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 44 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 40 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 45 is a perspective view of an endplate of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 40 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 46 is a perspective view of the central ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 40 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 47-49 are perspective views of the driving ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 40 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 50 is a rear perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 51 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 50 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 52 is an exploded view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 50 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 53 is a top view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 50 shown in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 54 is a read end view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 50 shown in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 55 is a perspective view of an endplate of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 50 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 56 is a perspective of a central ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 50 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 57 is a perspective view of a driving ramp of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 50 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 58 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 59 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 58 in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 60 is a rear perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 58 in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 61 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 58 in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 62 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 58 in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 63 is a top view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 58 in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 64 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 65 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 63 in an unexpanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 66 is a side cross-sectional view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 64 in an expanded position in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 67 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 68 illustrates dilator in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and

FIGS. 69-73 illustrate cannula in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 74 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device with a graft delivery hole in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 75A and 75B are rear views of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 74;

FIG. 76 is a top view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 74;

FIG. 77 is a side view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 74;

FIG. 78 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device having removably attachable plates in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 79 is a side view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 78;

FIG. 80 is a perspective view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 78;

FIG. 81 is a rear view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 78; and

FIGS. 82A and 82B are rear views of alternative expandable fusion devices having different attachable plates in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.

A spinal fusion is typically employed to eliminate pain caused by the motion of degenerated disk material. Upon successful fusion, a fusion device becomes permanently fixed within the intervertebral disc space. Looking at FIG. 1, an exemplary embodiment of an expandable fusion device 10 is shown between adjacent vertebral bodies 2 and 3. The fusion device 10 engages the endplates 4 and 5 of the adjacent vertebral bodies 2 and 3 and, in the installed position, maintains normal intervertebral disc spacing and restores spinal stability, thereby facilitating an intervertebral fusion. The expandable fusion device 10 can be manufactured from a number of materials including titanium, stainless steel, titanium alloys, non-titanium metallic alloys, polymeric materials, plastics, plastic composites, PEEK, ceramic, and elastic materials.

In an embodiment, the expandable fusion device 10 can be configured and sized to be placed down an endoscopic tube and into the disc space between the adjacent vertebral bodies 2 and 3. For example, the expandable fusion device 10 can be figured for insertion through an endoscopic tube, such as a cannula having a diameter equal to or less than about 15 millimeters (“mm”) and, alternatively, less than about 10 mm. In one particular embodiment, the expandable fusion 10 may be configured for insertion through a cannula having a diameter of about 8.5 mm. In some embodiments, the expandable fusion device 10 may have a width in a range of from about 8 mm to about 12 mm and a length in a range of from about 22 mm to about 34 mm. In some embodiments, the expandable fusion device 10 may have an initial height in an unexpanded position of less than about 15 mm and, alternatively, less than about 10 mm. In one particular embodiment, the expandable fusion device 10 may have an initial height in an unexpanded position of about 8.5 mm. In some embodiments, the expandable fusion device 10 may be expanded to a height that is equal to or greater than about 150% of its initial height. In one embodiment, the expandable fusion device 10 may be expanded to a height that is equal to or greater than about 170% of its initial height. For example, the expandable fusion device 10 may be expanded from an initial height of about 8 mm to a height in the expanded position of about 14 mm.

In an exemplary embodiment, bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material can be introduced around and within the fusion device 10 to further promote and facilitate the intervertebral fusion. The fusion device 10, in one embodiment, is preferably packed with bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material to promote the growth of bone through and around the fusion device. Such bone graft may be packed between the endplates of the adjacent vertebral bodies prior to, subsequent to, or during implantation of the fusion device.

With reference to FIGS. 2-7, an embodiment of the fusion device 10 is shown. In an exemplary embodiment, the fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, and a driving ramp 260. In an embodiment, the expandable fusion device 10 can be configured to be placed down an endoscopic tube and into the disc space between the adjacent vertebral bodies 2 and 3. One or more components of the fusion device 10 may contain features, such as through bores that facilitate placement down an endoscopic tube. In an embodiment, components of the fusion device 10 are placed down the endoscopic tube with assembly of the fusion device 10 in the disc space.

Although the following discussion relates to the second endplate 16, it should be understood that it also equally applies to the first endplate 14 as the second endplate 16 is substantially identical to the first endplate 14 in embodiments of the present invention. Turning now to FIGS. 2-7 and 10, in an exemplary embodiment, the second endplate 16 has a first end 39 and a second end 41. In the illustrated embodiment, the second endplate 16 further comprise an upper surface 40 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41, and a lower surface 42 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. In an embodiment, the second endplate 16 further comprises a through opening 44, as seen on FIG. 11. The through opening 44, in an exemplary embodiment, is sized to receive bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material and further allow the bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material to be packed in the central opening in the central ramp 18.

As best seen in FIGS. 7 and 10, the lower surface 42 includes at least one extension 46 extending along at least a portion of the lower surface 42, in an embodiment. In an exemplary embodiment, the extension 46 can extend along a substantial portion of the lower surface 42, including, along the center of the lower surface 42. In the illustrated embodiment, the extension 46 includes a generally concave surface 47. The concave surface 47 can form a through bore with the corresponding concave surface 47 (not illustrated) of the first endplate 14, for example, when the device 10 is in an unexpanded configuration. In another exemplary embodiment, the extension 46 includes at least one ramped surface 48. In another exemplary embodiment, there are two ramped surfaces 48, 50 with the first ramped surface 48 facing the first end 39 and the second ramped surface facing the second end 41. In an embodiment, the first ramped surface 48 can be proximate the first end 39, and the second ramped surface 50 can be proximate the second end 41. It is contemplated that the slope of the ramped surfaces 48, 50 can be equal or can differ from each other. The effect of varying the slopes of the ramped surfaces 48, 50 is discussed below.

In one embodiment, the extension 46 can include features for securing the endplate 16 when the expandable fusion device 10 is in an expanded position. In an embodiment, the extension 46 includes one or more protuberances 49 extending from the lateral sides 51 of the extension. In the illustrated embodiment, there are two protuberances 49 extending from each of the lateral sides 51 with each of the sides 53 having one of the protuberances 49 extending from a lower portion of either end. As will be discussed in more detail below, the protuberances 49 can be figured to engage the central ramp 18 preventing and/or restricting longitudinal movement of the endplate 16 when the device 10 is in an expanded position.

As illustrated in FIGS. 2-5, in one embodiment, the upper surface 40 of the second endplate 16 is flat and generally planar to allow the upper surface 40 of the endplate 16 to engage with the adjacent vertebral body 2. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 15, the upper surface 40 can be curved convexly or concavely to allow for a greater or lesser degree of engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2. It is also contemplated that the upper surface 40 can be generally planar but includes a generally straight ramped surface or a curved ramped surface. The ramped surface allows for engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2 in a lordotic fashion. While not illustrated, in an exemplary embodiment, the upper surface 40 includes texturing to aid in gripping the adjacent vertebral bodies. Although not limited to the following, the texturing can include teeth, ridges, friction increasing elements, keels, or gripping or purchasing projections.

Referring now to FIGS. 2-8, in an exemplary embodiment, the central ramp 18 has a first end 20, a second end 22, a first side portion 24 connecting the first end 20 and the second end 22, and a second side portion 26 (best seen on FIG. 5) on the opposing side of the central ramp 12 connecting the first end 20 and the second end 22. The first side portion 24 and the second side portion 26 may be curved, in an exemplary embodiment. The central ramp 18 further includes a lower end 28, which is sized to receive at least a portion of the first endplate 14, and an upper end 30, which is sized to receive at least a portion of the second endplate 16.

The first end 20 of the central ramp 18, in an exemplary embodiment, includes an opening 32. The opening 32 can be configured to receive an endoscopic tube in accordance with one or more embodiments. The first end 20 of the central ramp 18, in an exemplary embodiment, includes at least one angled surface 33, but can include multiple angled surfaces. The angled surface 33 can serve to distract the adjacent vertebral bodies when the fusion device 10 is inserted into an intervertebral space.

The second end 22 of the central ramp 18, in an exemplary embodiment, includes an opening 36. The opening 36 extends from the second end 22 of the central ramp 18 into a central guide 37 in the central ramp 18.

In an embodiment, the central ramp 18 further includes one or more ramped surfaces 33. As best seen in FIG. 8, the one or more ramped surfaces 33 positioned between the first side portion 24 and the second side portion 26 and between the central guide 37 and the second end 22. In an embodiment, the one or more ramped surfaces 33 face the second end 22 of the central ramp 18. In one embodiment, the central ramp 18 includes two ramped surfaces 33 with one of the ramped surfaces 33 being sloped upwardly and the other of the ramped surfaces 33 being sloped downwardly. The ramped surfaces 33 of the central ramp can be configured and dimensioned to engage the ramped surface 48 in each of the first and second endplates 14, 16.

Although the following discussion relates to the second side portion 26 of the central ramp 18, it should be understood that it also equally applies to the first side portion 24 in embodiments of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the second side portion 26 includes an inner surface 27. In an embodiment, the second side portion 26 further includes a lower guide 35, a central guide 37, and an upper guide 38. In the illustrated embodiment, the lower guide 35, central guide 37, and the upper guide 38 extend out from the inner surface 27 from the second end 22 to the one or more ramped surfaces 31. In the illustrated embodiment, the second end 22 of the central ramp 18 further includes one or more guides 38. The guides 38 can serve to guide the translational movement of the first and second endplates 14, 16 with respect to the central ramp 18. For example, protuberances 49 on the second endplate 16 may be sized to be received between the central guide 37 and the upper guide 38. Protuberances 49 of the first endplate 16 may be sized to be received between the central guide 37 and the lower guide 35. A first slot 29 may be formed proximate the middle of the upper guide 38. A second slot 31 may be formed between end of the upper guide 38 and the one or more ramped surfaces 33. The protuberances 49 may be sized to be received within the first slot 29 and/or the second slot 31 when the device 10 is in the expanded position.

Referring now to FIGS. 4-7 and 9, the driving ramp 260 has a through bore 262. In an embodiment, the driving ramp 260 is generally wedge-shaped. As illustrated, the driving ramp 260 may comprise a wide end 56, a narrow end 58, a first side portion 60 connecting the wide end 56 and the narrow end 58, and a second side portion 62 connecting the wide end 56 and the narrow end 58. The driving ramp 260 further may comprise ramped surfaces, including an upper ramped surface 64 and an opposing lower ramped surface 66. The upper ramped surface 64 and the lower ramped surface 66 may be configured and dimensioned to engage the ramped surface 50 proximate the second end 41 in of the first and the second endplates 14, 16. The first and second side portions 60, 62 may each include grooves 68 that extend, for example, in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the through bore 262. The grooves 68 may be sized to receive the central guide 37 on the interior surface 27 of each of the side portions 24, 26 of the central ramp 18. In this manner, the grooves 68 together with the central guide 37 can surface to guide the translational movement of the driving ramp 260 in the central ramp 18.

A method of installing the expandable fusion device 10 of FIG. 1 is now discussed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Prior to insertion of the fusion device 10, the intervertebral space is prepared. In one method of installation, a discectomy is performed where the intervertebral disc, in its entirety, is removed. Alternatively, only a portion of the intervertebral disc can be removed. The endplates of the adjacent vertebral bodies 2, 3 are then scraped to create an exposed end surface for facilitating bone growth across the intervertebral space. One or more endoscopic tubes can then be inserted into the disc space. The expandable fusion device 10 can then be introduced into the intervertebral space down an endoscopic tube and seated in an appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space.

After the fusion device 10 has been inserted into the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space, the fusion device 10 can then be expanded into the expanded position. To expand the fusion device 10, the driving ramp 260 may moved in a first direction with respect to the central ramp 18. Translational movement of the driving ramp 260 through the central ramp 18 may be guided by the central guide 37 on each of the first and second side portions 24, 26 of the central ramp 18. As the driving ramp 260 moves, the upper ramped surface 64 pushes against the ramped surface 50 proximate the second end 41 of the second endplate 16, and the lower ramped surface 66 pushes against the ramped surface 50 proximate the second end 41 of the first endplate 14. In addition, the ramped surfaces 33 in the central ramp 18 push against the ramped surface 48 proximate the first end 41 of the first and second endplates 14, 16. In this manner, the first and second endplates 14, 16 are pushed outwardly into an expanded configuration. As discussed above, the central ramp 16 includes locking features for securing the endplates 14, 16.

It should also be noted that the expansion of the endplates 14, 16 can be varied based on the differences in the dimensions of the ramped surfaces 48, 50 and the angled surfaces 62, 64. As best seen in FIG. 16, the endplates 14, 16 can be expanded in any of the following ways: straight rise expansion, straight rise expansion followed by a toggle into a lordotic expanded configuration, or a phase off straight rise into a lordotic expanded configuration.

Turning back to FIGS. 2-7, in the event the fusion device 10 needs to be repositioned or revised after being installed and expanded, the fusion device 10 can be contracted back to the unexpanded configuration, repositioned, and expanded again once the desired positioning is achieved. To contract the fusion device 10, the central ramp 18 is moved with respect to the central ramp 260 away from the central ramp 260. As the central ramp 18 moves, the ramped surfaces 33 in the central ramp 18 ride along the ramped surfaces 48 of the first and second endplates 14, 16 with the endplates 14, 16 moving inwardly into the unexpanded position.

With reference now to FIG. 17, fusion device 10 is shown with an exemplary embodiment of artificial endplates 100. Artificial endplates 100 allows the introduction of lordosis even when the endplates 14 and 16 of the fusion device 10 are generally planar. In one embodiment, the artificial endplates 100 have an upper surface 102 and a lower surface 104. The upper surfaces 102 of the artificial endplates 100 have at least one spike 106 to engage the adjacent vertebral bodies. The lower surfaces 104 have complementary texturing or engagement features on their surfaces to engage with the texturing or engagement features on the upper endplate 14 and the lower endplate 16 of the fusion device 10. In an exemplary embodiment, the upper surface 102 of the artificial endplates 100 have a generally convex profile and the lower surfaces 104 have a generally parallel profile to achieve lordosis. In another exemplary embodiment, fusion device 10 can be used with only one artificial endplate 100 to introduce lordosis even when the endplates 14 and 16 of the fusion device 10 are generally planar. The artificial endplate 100 can either engage endplate 14 or engage endplate 16 and function in the same manner as described above with respect to two artificial endplates 100.

With reference to FIGS. 11-14, an embodiment for placing an expandable fusion device 10 into an intervertebral disc space is illustrated. The expandable fusion device 10 can be introduced into the intervertebral space down an endoscopic tube utilizing a tool 70 that is attached to endplate 16, with the second endplate 16 being first placed down the tube with tool 70 and into the disc space, as seen in FIG. 11. After insertion of the second endplate 16, the first endplate 14 can be placed down the same endoscopic tube with tool 72 and into the disc space, as shown on FIG. 12. Following the first endplate 14, the central ramp 12 can be placed down the same endoscopic tube and into the disc space guided by tools 70 and 72, as shown on FIGS. 13 and 14.

Referring now to FIGS. 18-23, an alternative embodiment of the expandable fusion device 10 is shown. In an exemplary embodiment, the fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, and an actuator assembly 200. As will be discussed in more detail below, the actuator assembly 200 drives the central ramp 18 which forces apart the first and second endplates 14, 16 to place the expandable fusion device in an expanded position. One or more components of the fusion device 10 may contain features, such as through bores, that facilitate placement down an endoscopic tube. In an embodiment, components of the fusion device 10 are placed down the endoscopic tube with assembly of the fusion device 10 in the disc space.

Although the following discussion relates to the second endplate 16, it should be understood that it also equally applies to the first endplate 14 as the second endplate 16 is substantially identical to the first endplate 14 in embodiments of the present invention. With additional reference to FIG. 24, in an exemplary embodiment, the second endplate 16 has a first end 39 and a second end 41. In the illustrated embodiment, the second endplate 16 further comprise an upper surface 40 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41, and a lower surface 42 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. While not illustrated, in an embodiment, the second endplate 16 further comprises a through opening. The through opening, in an exemplary embodiment, is sized to receive bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material.

In one embodiment, the upper surface 40 of the second endplate 16 is flat and generally planar to allow the upper surface 40 of the endplate 16 to engage with the adjacent vertebral body 2. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 15, the upper surface 40 can be curved convexly or concavely to allow for a greater or lesser degree of engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2. It is also contemplated that the upper surface 40 can be generally planar but includes a generally straight ramped surface or a curved ramped surface. The ramped surface allows for engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2 in a lordotic fashion. While not illustrated, in an exemplary embodiment, the upper surface 40 includes texturing to aid in gripping the adjacent vertebral bodies. Although not limited to the following, the texturing can include teeth, ridges, friction increasing elements, keels, or gripping or purchasing projections.

In one embodiment, the second endplate 16 further comprises a first side portion 202 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41, and a second side portion 204 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 are extensions from the lower surface 42. In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 each include ramped surfaces 206, 208. In the illustrated embodiment, the ramped surfaces 206, 208 extend from the first end 39 of the second endplate 16 to bottom surfaces 210, 212 of each of the side portions 202, 204. In one embodiment, the ramped surfaces 206, 208 are forward facing in that the ramped surfaces 206, 208 face the first end 39 of the second endplate. As previously discussed, the slope of the ramped surfaces 206, 208 may be varied as desired for a particular application.

In an embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 each comprise at least one protuberance 214. In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 each comprise a first protuberance 214, a second protuberance 216, and a third protuberance 218. In one embodiment, the protuberances 214, 216, 218 extend from the interior surface 220 of the first and second side portions 202, 204. In an exemplary embodiment, the protuberances 214, 216, 218 extend at the lower side of the interior surface 220. As best seen in FIG. 24, the first and the second protuberances 214, 216 form a first slot 222, and the second and third protuberances 216, 218 form a second slot 224.

As best seen in FIG. 24, the lower surface 42 of the second endplate 16, in an embodiment, includes a central extension 224 extending along at least a portion of the lower surface. In the illustrated embodiment, the central extension 224 extends between the first and second side portions 202 and 204. In an exemplary embodiment, the central extension 224 can extend from the second end 41 of the endplate 16 to the central portion of the endplate. In one embodiment, the central extension 224 includes a generally concave surface 226 configured and dimensioned to form a through bore with the corresponding concave surface 226 (not illustrated) of the first endplate 14. The central extension 224 can further include, in an exemplary embodiment, a ramped surface 228. In the illustrated embodiment, the ramped surface 228 faces the first end 39 of the endplate 16. The ramped surface 228 can be at one end of the central extension 224. In an embodiment, the other end of the central extension 224 forms a stop 230. In the illustrated embodiment, the stop 230 is recessed from the second end 41 of the second endplate 16.

Referring to FIGS. 25-27, in an exemplary embodiment, the central ramp 18 includes a body portion 232 having a first end 234 and a second end 236. In an embodiment, the body portion 232 includes at least a first expansion portion 238. In an exemplary embodiment, the body portion 232 includes a first expansion portion 238 and a second expansion portion 240 extending from opposing sides of the body portion with each of the first and second expansion portions 238, 240 having a generally triangular cross-section. In one embodiment, the expansion portions 238, 240 each have angled surfaces 242, 244 configured and dimensioned to engage the ramped surfaces 206, 208 of the first and second endplates 14, 16 and force apart the first and second endplates 14, 16. In an embodiment, the engagement between the angled surfaces 242, 244 of the expansion portions 238, 240 with the ramped surfaces 206, 208 of the first and second endplates 14, 16 may be described as a dovetail connection.

The second end 236 of the central ramp 18, in an exemplary embodiment, includes opposing angled surfaces 246. The angled surfaces 246 can be configured and dimensioned to engage the ramped surface 228 in the central extension 224 in each of the first and second endplates 14, 16. In other words, one of the angled surfaces 246 can be upwardly facing and configured, in one embodiment, to engage the ramped surface 228 in the central extension 224 in the second endplate 16. In an embodiment, the engagement between the angled surfaces 246 of the second end 236 of the central ramp 18 with the ramped surface 228 in the first and second endplates 14, 16 may be described as a dovetail connection.

The second end 236, in an exemplary embodiment, can further include an extension 252. In the illustrated embodiment, the extension 252 is generally cylindrical in shape with a through bore 254 extending longitudinally therethrough. In one embodiment, the extension 252 can include a beveled end 256. While not illustrated, at least a portion of the extension 252 can be threaded.

Referring still to FIGS. 25-27, the central ramp 18 can further include features for securing the first and second endplates 14, 16 when the expandable fusion device 10 is in an expanded position. In an embodiment, the body portion 232 of the central ramp 18 includes one or more protuberances 248, 250 extending from opposing sides of the body portion 232. As illustrated, the protuberances 248, 250, in one embodiment, can be spaced along the body portion 232. In an exemplary embodiment, the protuberances 248, 250 can be configured and dimensioned for insertion into the corresponding slots 222, 224 in the first and second endplates 14, 16 when the device 10 is in an expanded position, as best seen in FIGS. 19 and 21. The protuberances 248, 250 can engage the endplates 14, 16 preventing and/or restricting movement of the endplates 14, 16 with respect to the central ramp 18 after expansion of the device 10.

With reference to FIGS. 20-23, in an exemplary embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 has a flanged end 253 configured and dimensioned to engage the stop 232 in the central extension 224 of the first and the second endplates 14, 16. In an embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 further includes an extension 254 that extends from the flanged end 253. In a further embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 includes a threaded hole 256 that extends through the actuator assembly 200. It should be understood that, while the threaded hole 256 in the actuator assembly 200 is referred to as threaded, the threaded hole 256 may only be partially threaded in accordance with one embodiment. In an exemplary embodiment, the threaded hole 256 is configured and dimensioned to threadingly receive the extension 252 of the central ramp 18.

With additional reference to FIGS. 28-32, a method of installing the expandable fusion device 10 of FIGS. 18-27 is now discussed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Prior to insertion of the fusion device, the disc space may be prepared as described above and then one or more endoscopic tubes may then inserted into the disc space. The expandable fusion device 10 can then be inserted into and seated in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space, as best seen in FIGS. 28-32. The expandable fusion device 10 can be introduced into the intervertebral space down an endoscopic tube (not illustrated), with the central ramp 18 being first placed down the tube and into the disc space, as seen in FIG. 28. After insertion of the central ramp, the first endplate 14 can be placed down an endoscopic tube, as shown on FIG. 29, followed by insertion of the second endplate 16, as shown on FIG. 30. After the second endplate 16, the actuator assembly 200 can then be inserted to complete assembly of the device 10, as best seen in FIG. 31.

After the fusion device 10 has been inserted into and assembled in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space, the fusion device 10 can then be expanded into the expanded position. To expand the fusion device 10, the actuator assembly 200 can be rotated. As discussed above, the actuator assembly 200 is in threaded engagement with the extension 250 of the central ramp 18. Thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a first direction, the central ramp 18 moves toward the flanged end 253 of the actuator assembly 200. In another exemplary embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 can be moved in a linear direction with the ratchet teeth as means for controlling the movement of the central ramp 18. As the central ramp 18 moves, the angled surfaces 242, 244 in the expansion portions 238, 240 of the central ramp 18 push against the ramped surfaces 206, 208 in the first and second side portions 202, 204 of the first and second endplates 14, 16. In addition, the angled surfaces 246 in the second end 236 of the central ramp 18 also push against the ramped surfaces 228 in the central extension 224 of each of the endplates 14, 16. This is best seen in FIGS. 22-23.

Since the expansion of the fusion device 10 is actuated by a rotational input, the expansion of the fusion device 10 is infinite. In other words, the endplates 14, 16 can be expanded to an infinite number of heights dependent on the rotational advancement of the actuator assembly 200. As discussed above, the central ramp 16 includes locking features for securing the endplates 14, 16.

In the event the fusion device 10 needs to be repositioned or revised after being installed and expanded, the fusion device 10 can be contracted back to the unexpanded configuration, repositioned, and expanded again once the desired positioning is achieved. To contract the fusion device 10, the actuator assembly 200 can be rotated in a second direction. As discussed above, actuator assembly 200 is in threaded engagement with the extension 250 of the central ramp 18; thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a second direction, opposite the first direction, the central ramp 18 moves with respect to the actuator assembly 200 and the first and second endplates 14, 16 away from the flanged end 253. As the central ramp 18 moves, the first and second endplates are pulled inwardly into the unexpanded position.

Referring now to FIGS. 33-38, an alternative embodiment of the expandable fusion device 10 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the fusion device includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, and an actuator assembly 200. The fusion device 10 of FIGS. 33-38 and its individual components are similar to the device 10 illustrated on FIGS. 18-23 with several modifications. The modifications to the device 10 will be described in turn below.

Although the following discussion relates to the second endplate 16, it should be understood that it also equally applies to the first endplate 14 as the second endplate 16 is substantially identical to the first endplate 14 in embodiments of the present invention. With additional reference to FIG. 39, in an exemplary embodiment, the lower surface 42 of the second endplate 16 has been modified. In one embodiment, the central extension 224 extending from the lower surface 42 has been modified to include a second ramped surface 258 rather than a stop. In an exemplary embodiment, the second ramped surface 258 faces the second end 41 of the second endplate 16. In contrast, ramped surface 228 on the central extension 228 faces the first end 39 of the second endplate. The concave surface 228 connects the ramped surface 228 and the second ramped surface 258.

With reference to FIGS. 35-38, in an exemplary embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 has been modified to further include a driving ramp 260. In the illustrated embodiment, the driving ramp 260 has a through bore 262 through which the extension 254 extends. In an embodiment, the driving ramp 260 is generally wedge-shaped. As illustrated, the driving ramp 260 may comprise a blunt end 264 in engagement with the flanged end 253. In an exemplary embodiment, the driving ramp 260 further comprises angled surfaces 266 configured and dimensioned to engage the second ramped surface 258 of each of the endplates 14, 16 and force apart the first and second endplates 14, 16.

Referring now to FIGS. 40-44, an alternative embodiment of the expandable fusion device 10 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, an actuator assembly 200, and a driving ramp 300. As will be discussed in more detail below, the actuator assembly 200 functions, in an embodiment, to pull the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 together, which forces apart the first and second endplates 14, 16. In an embodiment, the expandable fusion device.

Although the following discussion relates to the first endplate 14, it should be understood that it also equally applies to the second endplate 16 as the second endplate 16 is substantially identical to the first endplate 14 in embodiments of the present invention. With reference to FIGS. 40-45, in an exemplary embodiment, the first endplate 14 has a first end 39 and a second end 41. In the illustrated embodiment, the first endplate 14 further comprises an upper surface 40 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41, and a lower surface 42 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. While not illustrated, in an embodiment, the first endplate 14 may comprise further comprises a through opening. The through opening, in an exemplary embodiment, is sized to receive bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material.

In one embodiment, the upper surface 40 of the first endplate 14 is flat and generally planar to allow the upper surface 40 of the endplate 14 to engage with the adjacent vertebral body 2. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 15, the upper surface 40 can be curved convexly or concavely to allow for a greater or lesser degree of engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2. It is also contemplated that the upper surface 40 can be generally planar but includes a generally straight ramped surface or a curved ramped surface. The ramped surface allows for engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2 in a lordotic fashion. While not illustrated, in an exemplary embodiment, the upper surface 40 includes texturing to aid in gripping the adjacent vertebral bodies. Although not limited to the following, the texturing can include teeth, ridges, friction increasing elements, keels, or gripping or purchasing projections.

In one embodiment, the first endplate 14 further comprises a first side portion 202 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41, and a second side portion 204 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 are extensions from the lower surface 42. In an embodiment, the first and second side portions each have an interior surface 302 and an exterior surface 304. In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 each include one or more ramped portions. In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 include first ramped portions 306, 308 at the first end 39 of the endplate 14 and second ramped portions 310, 312 at the second end 41 of the endplate. The first and second side portions 202, 204 each can include a bridge portion 314 connecting the first ramped portions 306, 308 and the second ramped portions 310, 312. In an embodiment, the first ramped portions 306, 308 abut the exterior surface 304 of the respective side portions 202, 204, and the second ramped portions 310, 312 abut the interior surface 302 of the respective side portions 202, 204. As illustrated, the first ramped portions 306, 308 may include tongue portions 316, 318 with the tongue portions 316, 318 extending in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40 of the endplate 14. As further illustrated, the second ramped portions 310, 312 may include tongue portions 320, 322 that extend in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40 of the endplate 14.

As best seen in FIG. 45, the lower surface 42 of the second endplate 16, in an embodiment, includes a central extension 224 extending along at least a portion of the lower surface. In the illustrated embodiment, the central extension 224 extends between the first and second side portions 202 and 204. In an exemplary embodiment, the central extension 224 can extend generally between the first ramped portions 306, 308 and the second ramped portions 310, 312. In one embodiment, the central extension 224 includes a generally concave surface 226 configured and dimensioned to form a through bore with the corresponding concave surface 226 (not illustrated) of the second endplate 16.

With reference to FIGS. 43 and 44, the actuator assembly 200 includes a head portion 324, a rod receiving extension 326, and a connecting portion 328 that connecting portions that connects the head portion 324 and the rod receiving extension 326. As illustrated, the head portion 324 may include one or more instrument gripping features 330 that can allow it to be turned by a suitable instrument. In addition, the head portion 324 has a larger diameter than the other components of the actuator assembly 200 to provide a contact surface with the driving ramp 300. In the illustrated embodiment, the head portion 324 includes a rim 332 that provides a surface for contacting the driving ramp 300. As can be seen in FIG. 44, in an exemplary embodiment, the rod receiving extension 326 includes an opening sized and dimensioned to receive the extension 336 of the central ramp 18. In an embodiment, the rod receiving extension 326 includes threading for threadingly engaging the extension 336. In another embodiment, the rod receiving extension 326 includes ratchet teeth for engaging the extension 336. In the illustrated embodiment, the head portion 324 and the rod receiving extension 326 are connected by connecting portion 328 which can be generally cylindrical in shape.

With reference to FIGS. 43, 44, and 46, the central ramp 18 includes expansion portion 334 and extension 336. As best seen in FIG. 46, the expansion portion 334 may include an upper portion 338 and side portions 340, 342 that extend down from the upper portion 338. In an embodiment, each of the side portions 340, 342 include dual, overlapping ramped portions. For example, side portions 340, 342 each include a first ramped portion 344 that overlaps a second ramped portion 346. In the illustrated embodiment, the first ramped portion 344 faces the extension 336 while the second ramped portion 344 faces away from the extension 336. In one embodiment, angled grooves 348, 350 are formed in each of the first and second ramped portions 344, 346. In another embodiment, the angled grooves 348, 350 are sized to receive the corresponding tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 in the first and second endplates with angled grooves 348 receiving tongues 320, 322 in the second endplate 16 and angled grooves 350 receiving tongues 316, 318 in the first endplate 14. Although the device 10 is described with tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 on the endplates 14, 16 and angled grooves 348, 350 on the central ramp 18, it should be understood that that device 10 can also be configured with grooves on the endplates 14, 16 and tongues on the central ramp 18, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

In an exemplary embodiment, the extension 336 is sized to be received within the rod receiving extension 326 of the actuator assembly 200. In one embodiment, the extension 336 has threading with the extension 336 being threadingly received within the rod receiving extension 326. In another embodiment, the extension 336 has ratchet teeth with the extension 336 being ratcheted into the rod receiving extension 336. In an embodiment, the extension 336 include nose 352 at the end of the extension 336.

With reference to FIGS. 47-49, in an exemplary embodiment, the driving ramp 300 includes an upper portion 354 having an upper surface 356 and an oblique surface 358. In an embodiment, the driving ramp 300 further includes side portions 360, 362 that extend from the upper portion 354 connecting the upper portion 354 with the lower portion 364 of the driving ramp 300. As best seen in FIGS. 48-49, the driving ramp 300 further includes a bore 366, in an exemplary embodiment, sized to receive the connection portion 328 of the actuator assembly 200. In one embodiment, the driving ramp 300 moves along the connection portion 328 when the actuator assembly 200 is pushing the driving ramp 300. In an exemplary embodiment, the driving ramp 300 further includes contact surface 368 that engages the rim 332 of the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200. In the illustrated embodiment, the contact surface 368 has a generally annular shape.

In an exemplary embodiment, the side portions 360, 362 of the driving ramp 300 each include overlapping ramped portions. For example, the side portions 360, 362 each include first ramped portions 370 that overlap second ramped portions 372. In the illustrated embodiment, the first ramped portions 370 face central ramp 18 while the second ramped portions 372 face the opposite direction. In one embodiment, angled grooves 374, 376 are formed in each of the first and second ramped portions 370, 372. FIG. 48 is a perspective view of the driving ramp 300 that shows the top ends of the angled grooves 374 in ramped portions 370. FIG. 49 is a perspective view of the driving ramp 300 that shows the top ends of the angled grooves 376 in ramped portions 372. In an exemplary embodiment, the angled grooves 374, 376 are sized to receive corresponding tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 in the first and second endplates 14, 16 with angled grooves 370 receiving tongues 316, 318 in the second endplate 16 and angled grooves 372 receiving tongues 320, 322 in the first endplate 14. Although the device 10 is described with tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 in the first and second endplates 14, 16 and angled grooves 370, 372, 374, 376 on the driving ramp 300, it should be understood that that device 10 can also be configured with grooves on the second endplate 16 and tongues on the driving ramp 300, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

Turning now to FIGS. 40-42, a method of installing the expandable fusion device 10 of FIGS. 40-49 is now discussed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Prior to insertion of the fusion device, the disc space may be prepared as described above. The expandable fusion device 10 can then be inserted into and seated in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space. The expandable fusion device 10 is then introduced into the intervertebral space, with the end having the expansion portion 334 of the central ramp 18 being inserted. In an exemplary method, the fusion device 10 is in the unexpanded position when introduced into the intervertebral space. In an exemplary method, the intervertebral space may be distracted prior to insertion of the fusion device 10. The distraction provide some benefits by providing greater access to the surgical site making removal of the intervertebral disc easier and making scraping of the endplates of the vertebral bodies 2, 3 easier.

With the fusion device 10 inserted into and seated in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space, the fusion device can then expanded into the expanded position, as best seen in FIG. 42. To expand the fusion device 10, an instrument is engaged with the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200. The instrument is used to rotate actuator assembly 200. As discussed above, actuator assembly 200 is threadingly engaged with the extension 336 of the central ramp 18; thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a first direction, the central ramp 18 is pulled toward the actuator assembly 200. In an exemplary embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 is moved in a linear direction with the ratchet teeth engaging as means for controlling the movement of the actuator assembly 200 and the central ramp 18. As the central ramp 18 is pulled towards the actuator assembly 200, the first ramped portions 344 of the central ramp 18 push against the second ramped portions 310, 312 of the second endplate 16 and the second ramped portions 346 of the central ramp 18 push against first ramped portions 306, 308 of the first endplate 14. In this manner, the central ramp 18 acts to push the endplates 14, 16 outwardly into the expanded position. This can best be seen in FIGS. 40-42. As the endplates 14, 16 move outwardly the tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 in the endplates 14, 16 ride in the angled grooves 348, 350 with the tongues 320, 322 in the second endplate 16 riding in angled grooves 348 and the tongues 316, 318 in the first endplate 14 riding in angled grooves 350.

As discussed above, the actuator assembly 200 also engages driving ramp 300; thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a first direction, the actuator assembly 200 pushes the driving ramp 300 towards the central ramp 18 in a linear direction. As the driving ramp 300 is pushed towards the central ramp 18, the first ramped portions 370 of the driving ramp 300 push against the first ramped portions 306, 308 of the second endplate 16 and the second ramped portions 372 of the driving ramp 300 push against the second ramped portions 310, 312 of the first endplate 14. In this manner, the driving ramp 300 also acts to push the endplates 14, 16 outwardly into the expanded position. This can best be seen in FIGS. 40-42. As the endplates 14, 16 move outwardly the tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 in the endplates 14, 16 ride in the angled grooves 370, 372 with the tongues 316, 318 in the second endplate 16 riding in angled grooves 370 and the tongues 320, 322 in the first endplate 14 riding in angled grooves 372.

Since the expansion of the fusion device 10 is actuated by a rotational input, the expansion of the fusion device 10 is infinite. In other words, the endplates 14, 16 can be expanded to an infinite number of heights dependent on the rotational advancement of the actuator assembly 200.

Referring now to FIGS. 50-54, an alternative embodiment of the expandable fusion device 10 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, an actuator assembly 200, and a driving ramp 300. As will be discussed in more detail below, the actuator assembly 200 functions, in an embodiment, to pull the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 together, which forces apart the first and second endplates 14, 16. In an embodiment, the expandable fusion device may contain features, such as a through bore, that facilitate placement down an endoscopic tube. In an embodiment, the assembled fusion device 10 may be placed down the endoscopic tube and then expanded.

Although the following discussion relates to the first endplate 14, it should be understood that it also equally applies to the second endplate 16 as the second endplate 16 is substantially identical to the first endplate 14 in embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that, in an embodiment, the first endplate 14 is configured to interlock with the second endplate 16. With additional reference to FIG. 55, in an exemplary embodiment, the first endplate 14 has a first end 39 and a second end 41. As illustrated, the first end 39 may be wider than the second end 41. In the illustrated embodiment, the first endplate 14 further comprises an upper surface 40 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41, and a lower surface 42 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. As best seen in FIG. 54, the lower surface 42 can be curved concavely such that the first and second endplates 14, 16 form a through bore when the device 10 is in a closed position. In an embodiment, the first endplate 14 may comprise a through opening 44. The through opening 44, in an exemplary embodiment, is sized to receive bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material.

In one embodiment, the upper surface 40 of the first endplate 14 is flat and generally planar to allow the upper surface 40 of the endplate 14 to engage with the adjacent vertebral body 2. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 15, the upper surface 40 can be curved convexly or concavely to allow for a greater or lesser degree of engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2. It is also contemplated that the upper surface 40 can be generally planar but includes a generally straight ramped surface or a curved ramped surface. The ramped surface allows for engagement with the adjacent vertebral body 2 in a lordotic fashion. As illustrated, in an exemplary embodiment, the upper surface 40 includes texturing to aid in gripping the adjacent vertebral bodies. For example, the upper surface 40 may further comprise texturing 400 to engage the adjacent vertebral bodies. Although not limited to the following, the texturing can include teeth, ridges, friction increasing elements, keels, or gripping or purchasing projections.

In one embodiment, the first endplate 14 further comprises a first side portion 202 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41, and a second side portion 204 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 are extensions from the lower surface 42. In an embodiment, the first and second side portions 202, 204 each include an interior surface 302 and an exterior surface 304. In an embodiment, the first end 39 of the first endplate 14 is generally designed and configured to fit over the second end 41 of the second endplate 16 when the device 10 is in a closed position. As illustrated, the first and second side portions 202, 204 each may include first ramped portions 306, 308, second ramped portions 310, 312, and/or central ramped portion 402.

In an embodiment, the first ramped portions 306, 308 are proximate the first end 39 of the endplate 14. In accordance with embodiment of the present invention, the first ramped portions 306, 308 of the first endplate 14 are generally designed and configured to fit over the second ramped portions 310, 312 of the second endplate 16 when the device 10 is in a closed position. In an exemplary embodiment, the first ramped portions 306, 308 generally face the first end 39 and can extend in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40, for example. As illustrated, the first ramped portions 306, 308 may include tongue portions 316, 318 extending in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40 of the endplate 14.

In an embodiment, the second ramped portions 310, 312 are proximate the second end 41 of the endplate 14. In an exemplary embodiment, the second ramped portions 310, 312 can extend in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40 and generally face the second end 41. The first and second side portions 202, 204, in an embodiment, each can include a bridge portion 314 connecting the first ramped portions 306, 308 and the second ramped portions 310, 312. As further illustrated, the second ramped portions 310, 312 may include tongue portions 320, 322 that extend in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40 of the endplate 14.

In an embodiment, the endplate 14 further may include a central ramped portion 402 proximate the bridge portion 314. In the illustrated embodiment, the endplate 14 includes a central ramped portion 402 proximate the bridge portion 314 of the second side portion 204. In an exemplary embodiment, the central ramped portion 402 can extend in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40 and face the first end 39 of the endplate 14. As illustrated, the first ramped portions 306, 308 may include tongue portions 316, 318 with the tongue portions 316, 318 extending in an oblique direction with respect to the upper surface 40 of the endplate 14.

With reference to FIGS. 50-52 and 54, in an embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 includes a head portion 324, an extension 404, and a through bore 406 that extends longitudinally through the actuator assembly 200. As illustrated, the head portion 324 may include one or more instrument gripping features 330 that can allow it to be turned by a suitable instrument. In addition, the head portion 324 has a larger diameter than the other components of the actuator assembly 200 to provide a contact surface with the driving ramp 300. In the illustrated embodiment, the head portion 324 includes a rim 332 that provides a surface for contacting the driving ramp 300. In an embodiment, the extension 404 is a generally rod-like extension. In another embodiment, the extension 404 includes ratchet teeth for engaging the extension 336.

With reference to FIGS. 51, 52, and 56, the central ramp 18 has a first end 408 and a second end 410. In an embodiment, the central ramp 18 includes a first expansion portion 412, a second expansion portion 414, a rod-receiving extension 416, and a through bore 418 that extends longitudinally through the central ramp 18. In an exemplary embodiment, first expansion portion 412 can be proximate the first end 408 of the central ramp 18. As best seen in FIG. 56, the first expansion portion 412 may include side portions 420, 422. In an embodiment, each of the side portions 420, 422 includes dual, overlapping ramped portions that extend in oblique directions with respect to the through bore 418. For example, side portions 420, 422 each include a first ramped portion 424 that overlaps a second ramped portion 426. In the illustrated embodiment, the first ramped portion 424 faces the rod-receiving extension 416 while the second ramped portion 426 faces the opposite direction. In one embodiment, angled grooves 428, 430 are formed in each of the first and second ramped portions 424, 426. In an exemplary embodiment, the angled grooves 428, 430 are sized to receive the corresponding tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 in the first and second endplates 14, 16 with angled grooves 428 receiving tongues 320, 322 in the second endplate 16 and angled grooves 430 receiving tongues 316, 318 in the first endplate 14. Although the device 10 is described with tongues 316, 318, 320, 322 on the endplates 14, 16 and angled grooves 428, 430 on the central ramp 18, it should be understood that that device 10 can also be configured with grooves on the endplates 14, 16 and tongues on the central ramp 18, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

In an embodiment, the second expansion portion 414 is located on the rod-receiving extension 416 between the first end 408 and the second end 410 of the central ramp 18. In an exemplary embodiment, the second expansion portion 414 includes central ramped portions 432. In one embodiment, the second expansion portion 414 includes two central ramped portions 432 on opposite sides of the rod-receiving extension 416. In an exemplary embodiment, the central ramped portions 424 extend in an oblique direction with respect to the through bore 418 and face the second end 410 of the central ramp 18.

The rod-receiving extension 416 extends from the first expansion portion 412 and has an opening 434 at the second end of the central ramp 18. In an embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 is sized and configured to receive the extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In an embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 has threading with the rod-receiving extension 416 threadingly receiving extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In another embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 has ratchet teeth with the extension 404 being ratcheted into the rod-receiving extension 416.

With reference to FIGS. 50-52 and 57, in an exemplary embodiment, the driving ramp 300 includes an upper portion 354 having an upper surface 356 and an oblique surface 358. In an embodiment, the driving ramp 300 further includes a bore 366, in an exemplary embodiment, sized to receive the extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In the illustrated, embodiment, the upper portion 354 has a hole 436 that extends through the upper surface 356 to the bore 366. Set screw 438 may be inserted through the hole 436 to secure the driving ramp 300 to the actuator assembly 200. In one embodiment, the driving ramp 300 further includes contact surface 368 that engages the rim 332 of the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200. In the illustrated embodiment, the contact surface 368 has a generally annular shape.

In an embodiment, the driving ramp 300 further includes side portions 360, 362 that extend from the upper portion 354 connecting the upper portion 354 with the lower portion 364 of the driving ramp 300. In an exemplary embodiment, the side portions 360, 362 of the driving ramp 300 each include a ramped portion 438. In the illustrated embodiment, the ramped portion 438 faces central ramp 300. In an embodiment, the ramped portion 438 is configured and dimensioned to engage the ramped portions 306, 308 at the first end 39 of the second endplate 16. In one embodiment, angled grooves 440 are formed in the ramped portions 316, 318. In an exemplary embodiment, the angled grooves 440 are sized to receive the corresponding tongues 316, 318 in the second endplate 16. Although the device 10 is described with tongues 316, 318 on the second endplate 16 and angled grooves 440 on the driving ramp 300, it should be understood that that device 10 can also be configured with grooves on the second endplate 16 and tongues on the driving ramp 300, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

A method of installing the expandable fusion device 10 of FIGS. 50-57 is now discussed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Prior to insertion of the fusion device, the disc space may be prepared as described above. The expandable fusion device 10 can then be inserted into and seated in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space. In an embodiment, the device 10 is assembled prior to insertion. The expandable fusion device 10 can be introduced into the intervertebral space, with the end having the first end 408 of the central ramp 18 being inserted. In an exemplary method, the fusion device 10 is in the unexpanded position when introduced into the intervertebral space. In an exemplary method, the intervertebral space may be distracted prior to insertion of the fusion device 10. The distraction provide some benefits by providing greater access to the surgical site making removal of the intervertebral disc easier and making scraping of the endplates of the vertebral bodies 2, 3 easier.

With the fusion device 10 inserted into and seated in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space, the fusion device can then expand into the expanded position. To expand the fusion device 10, an instrument is engaged with the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200. The instrument is used to rotate actuator assembly 200. As discussed above, actuator assembly 200 is threadingly engaged with the rod receiving extension 416 of the central ramp 18; thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a first direction, the central ramp 18 is pulled toward the actuator assembly 200. In an exemplary embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 is moved in a linear direction with the ratchet teeth engaging as means for controlling the movement of the actuator assembly 200 and the central ramp 18.

As the central ramp 18 is pulled towards the actuator assembly 200, the central ramp 18 acts to push endplates 14, 16 outwardly into the expanded position. By way of example, the first ramped portions 424, second ramped portions 426, and central ramped portions 432 push against the corresponding ramped portions in the first and second endplates 14, 16. The first ramped portions 424 in the first expansion portion 412 of the central ramp 18 push against the second ramped portions 310, 312 of the second endplate 16 with the corresponding tongues 320, 322 in the second ramped portions 310, 312 of the second endplate 16 riding in angled grooves 428 in the first ramped portions 424 in the first expansion portion 412. The second ramped portions 426 in the first expansion portion 412 push against the first ramped portions 316, 318 of the first endplate 14 with the corresponding tongues 316, 318 in first ramped portions 316, 318 of the first endplate 14 riding in angled grooves 430 in the second ramped portions 426 in the first expansion portion 412. The central ramped portions 432 in the second expansion portion 414 push against the central ramped portion 402 in the first and second endplates 14, 16.

As discussed above, the actuator assembly 200 also engages driving ramp 300; thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a first direction, the actuator assembly 200 pushes the driving ramp 300 towards the central ramp 18 in a linear direction. As the driving ramp 300 is pushed towards the central ramp 18, the driving ramp 300 also acts to push the endplates 14, 16 outwardly into the expanded position. By way of example, the ramped portions 438 of the driving ramp 300 push against ramped portions 306, 308 at the first end 39 of the second endplate 16. As the endplates 14, 16 move outwardly, the tongues 316, 318 in the ramped portions 306, 308 of the second endplate 16 ride in the angled grooves 440 in the ramped portions 438 of the driving ramp 300.

It should also be noted that the expansion of the endplates 14, 16 can be varied based on the differences in the dimensions of the various ramped portions in the central ramp 18, the driving ramp 300, and the first and second endplates 14, 16. As best seen in FIG. 16, the endplates 14, 16 can be expanded in any of the following ways: straight rise expansion, straight rise expansion followed by a toggle into a lordotic expanded configuration, or a phase off straight rise into a lordotic expanded configuration.

In the event the fusion device 10 needs to be repositioned or revised after being installed and expanded, the fusion device 10 can be contracted back to the unexpanded configuration, repositioned, and expanded again once the desired positioning is achieved. To contract the fusion device 10, the instrument can be used to rotate the actuator assembly 200 in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. Rotation of the actuator assembly 200 results in movement of the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 away from one another. As the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 move, the endplates 14, 16 move inwardly into the unexpanded position.

Referring now to FIGS. 58-63, an alternative embodiment of the expandable fusion device 10 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, an actuator assembly 200, and a driving ramp 300. In an embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 functions to pull the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 together, which forces apart the first and second endplates 14, 16. In an embodiment, the expandable fusion device may contain features, such as a through bore, that facilitate placement down an endoscopic tube. In an embodiment, the assembled fusion device 10 may be placed down the endoscopic tube and then expanded.

The first endplates 14, 16 of the expandable fusion device 10 shown on FIGS. 58-63 may be similar to those described above with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 50-57. As illustrated, the first endplate 14 may comprise a first or front end 39 and a second or rear end 41 with first and second side portions 202, 204 connecting the first end 39 and the second end 41. It should understood that references to the front and rear of the expandable fusion device 10 or a particular component thereof, such as the first endplate 14, is with respect to the direction of placement into an intervertebral disc space with the front of the device 10 or particular component thereof being placed into the space first followed by the rear of the device 10 or particular component thereof. The first endplate 14 further comprises first or front ramped portions 306 a, 308 a on the first and second side portions 202, 204, respectively, proximate the first end 39 of the endplate 14. The first endplate 14 further comprises second or rear ramped portions 310 a, 312 a on the first and second side portions 202, 204, respectively, proximate the second end 41 of the endplate 14. The first endplate 14 further comprises central ramped portion 402 a on the second side portion 204. The second endplate 16 also contains corresponding first ramped portions 306 b, 308 b, second ramped portions 310 b, 312 b, and central ramped portion 402 b.

To achieve a greater degree of expansion, embodiments of the present invention may be designed with overlapping of the first and second endplates 14, 16. By having overlap of the first and second endplates 14, 16, a more compact design may be achieved for the expandable fusion device 10 when in an unexpanded position (e.g., FIGS. 59 and 62), which in turn allows for a greater height when placed into an expanded position (e.g., FIGS. 60 and 61). In some embodiments, one or more of the first ramped portions 306 a, 308 a at the first end 39 of the first endplate 14 overlap one or more of the first ramped portions 306 b, 308 b at the first end 39 of the second endplate 16. As best seen on FIG. 63, the first ramped portion 306 a of the first endplate 14 overlaps the first ramped portion 306 b of the second endplate 16, and the first ramped portion 308 b of the second endplate 16 overlaps the first ramped portion 308 a of the first endplate 14. In some embodiments, one or more of the second ramped portions 310 a, 312 a at the second end 41 of the first endplate 14 overlap one or more of the second ramped portions 310 b, 312 b at the second end 41 of the second endplate 16. As best seen on FIG. 63, the first ramped portion 312 a of the first endplate 14 overlaps the first ramped portion 312 b of the second endplate 16, and the first ramped portion 310 b of the second endplate 16 overlaps the first ramped portion 310 a of the first endplate 14.

The actuator assembly 200 of the expandable fusion device 10 shown on FIGS. 58-63 may be similar to those described above with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 50-57. With reference to FIGS. 58 and 61-62, the actuator assembly 200 includes a head portion 324 and an extension 404. The actuator assembly 200 further includes first and second locks rings 450, 452 and washer 454. The first and second lock rings 450, 452 aid in securing the actuator assembly 200 to the driving ramp 300, thus preventing back-out of the actuator assembly 200 from the driving ramp 300 when the actuator assembly 200 is rotated, for example. The second lock ring 452 is configured to assembled with an interference fit to prevent undesired actuator assembly rotation.

The central ramp 18 of the expandable fusion device 10 shown on FIGS. 58-63 may be similar to the central ramp 18 described above with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 50-57. With reference to FIGS. 58 and 62-62, the central ramp 18 has a first or front end 408 and a second or rear end 410. In the illustrated embodiment, the central ramp 18 includes an expansion portion 412 proximate the first end 408 and a rod-receiving extension 416 extending longitudinally from the expansion portion 412. As best seen on FIG. 58, the expansion portion 412 may include a first ramped portion 456 and a second ramped portion 458 that extend in oblique directions with respect to the longitudinal axis of the expandable fusion device 10. The first ramped portion 456 may face upward and toward the rear of the expandable fusion device 10 while the second ramped portion 458 may face downward and toward the rear of the expandable fusion device 10.

The rod-receiving extension 416 extends from the expansion portion 412 and has an opening 434 at the second end 410 of the central ramp 18. In an embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 is sized and configured to receive the extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In an embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 has threading with the rod-receiving extension 416 threadingly receiving extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In another embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 has ratchet teeth with the extension 404 being ratcheted into the rod-receiving extension 416. As illustrated, the rod-receiving extension 416 includes one or more ramped portions 460 a, 460 b. As best seen on FIG. 61, the ramped portion 460 a is positioned on an opposite side of the extension 416 from ramped portion 460 a and projects downward and toward the rear. As best seen on FIG. 58, ramped portion 460 b projects outward from the extension 416 and faces upward and toward the rear of the expandable fusion device 10.

The rod-receiving extension 416 extends from the expansion portion 412 and has an opening 434 at the second end 410 of the central ramp 18. In an embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 is sized and configured to receive the extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In an embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 has threading with the rod-receiving extension 416 threadingly receiving extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In another embodiment, the rod-receiving extension 416 has ratchet teeth with the extension 404 being ratcheted into the rod-receiving extension 416. As illustrated, the rod-receiving extension 416 includes one or more ramped portions 460 a, 460 b. As best seen on FIG. 61, the ramped portion 460 a is positioned on an opposite side of the extension 416 from ramped portion 460 a and projects downward and toward the rear. As best seen on FIG. 58, ramped portion 460 b projects outward from the extension 416 and faces upward and toward the rear of the expandable fusion device 10.

The driving ramp 300 of the expandable fusion device 10 shown on FIGS. 58-63 may be similar to the central ramp 18 described above with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 50-57. As best seen on FIG. 58, the driving ramp 300 may include side portions 360, 362 that extend from upper portion 354 connecting the upper portion 354 with the lower portion 364 of the driving ramp 300. In an exemplary embodiment, the side portions 360, 362 of the driving ramp 300 each include a ramped portion 438. In the illustrated embodiment, the ramped portion 438 faces central ramp 300. In an embodiment, the ramped portion 438 is configured and dimensioned to engage the ramped portions 310 b, 312 b at the second end 41 of the second endplate 16.

A method of installing the expandable fusion device 10 of FIGS. 58-63 is now discussed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Prior to insertion of the fusion device 10, the disc space may be prepared as described above. The expandable fusion device 10 can then be inserted into and seated in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space. In an embodiment, the device 10 is assembled prior to insertion. The expandable fusion device 10 can be introduced into the intervertebral space, with the front end having the first end 408 of the central ramp 18 being inserted first. In an exemplary method, the fusion device 10 is in the unexpanded position when introduced into the intervertebral space. In an exemplary method, the intervertebral space may be distracted prior to insertion of the fusion device 10. The distraction provide some benefits by providing greater access to the surgical site making removal of the intervertebral disc easier and making scraping of the endplates of the vertebral bodies 2, 3 easier.

With the fusion device 10 inserted into and seated in the appropriate position in the intervertebral disc space, the fusion device 10 can then expand into the expanded position. To expand the fusion device 10, an instrument is engaged with the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200. The instrument is used to rotate actuator assembly 200. As discussed above, actuator assembly 200 is threadingly engaged with the rod receiving extension 416 of the central ramp 18; thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a first direction, the central ramp 18 is pulled toward the actuator assembly 200. In an exemplary embodiment, the actuator assembly 200 is moved in a linear direction with the ratchet teeth engaging as means for controlling the movement of the actuator assembly 200 and the central ramp 18.

As the central ramp 18 is pulled towards the actuator assembly 200, the central ramp 18 acts to push endplates 14, 16 outwardly into the expanded position. By way of example, the first and second ramped portions 456, 458 and ramped portions 460 a, 460 b push against the corresponding ramped portions in the first and second endplates 14, 16. The first ramped portion 416 in the expansion portion 412 of the central ramp 18 pushes against the first ramped portions 306 b, 308 b of the second endplate 16. The second ramped portion 458 in the expansion portion 412 pushes against the first ramped portions 306 a, 306 b of the first endplate 14. The central ramped portion 460 b projecting from the rod-receiving extension 416 of the driving ramp 18 pushes against the central ramped portion 402 b in the second endplate 16 while the central ramped portion 460 a pushes against the central ramped portion 402 a in the first endplate 14.

As discussed above, the actuator assembly 200 also engages driving ramp 300; thus, as the actuator assembly 200 is rotated in a first direction, the actuator assembly 200 pushes the driving ramp 300 towards the central ramp 18 in a linear direction. As the driving ramp 300 is pushed towards the central ramp 18, the driving ramp 300 also acts to push the endplates 14, 16 outwardly into the expanded position. By way of example, the ramped portions 438 of the driving ramp 300 push against ramped portions 310 a, 312 b at the second end 41 of the second endplate 16.

It should also be noted that the expansion of the endplates 14, 16 can be varied based on the differences in the dimensions of the various ramped portions in the central ramp 18, the driving ramp 300, and the first and second endplates 14, 16. As best seen in FIG. 16, the endplates 14, 16 can be expanded in any of the following ways: straight rise expansion, straight rise expansion followed by a toggle into a lordotic expanded configuration, or a phase off straight rise into a lordotic expanded configuration.

In the event the fusion device 10 needs to be repositioned or revised after being installed and expanded, the fusion device 10 can be contracted back to the unexpanded configuration, repositioned, and expanded again once the desired positioning is achieved. To contract the fusion device 10, the instrument can be used to rotate the actuator assembly 200 in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. Rotation of the actuator assembly 200 results in movement of the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 away from one another. As the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 move, the endplates 14, 16 move inwardly into the unexpanded position.

Referring now to FIGS. 64-66, an alternative embodiment of the expandable fusion device 10 is shown. As illustrated, the expandable fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, an actuator assembly 200, and a driving ramp 300. The expandable fusion device 10 shown on FIGS. 64-66 is similar to the embodiment described above with respect to FIGS. 58-63, except the rod-receiving extension 416 includes additional ramped portions 460 c, 460 d projecting there from. In the illustrated embodiment, the central ramp 18 includes an extension portion 412 and a rod-receiving extension 416 that extends longitudinally from the extension portion 412. The rod-receiving extension 416 includes ramped portions 460 a, 460 b, 460 c, 460 d that project outward from the extension 416. As best seen in FIGS. 64 and 66, ramped portions 460 b, 460 d face upward and toward the rear. Ramped portions 460 b, 460 d are configured to engage corresponding central ramps 402 b, 402 d in the second endplate 16. As best see in FIGS. 64 and 66, ramped portions 460 a, 460 c face downward and toward the rear. Ramped portions 460 a, 460 c are configured to engage corresponding central ramps 402 a, 402 c on the first endplate 14. Ramped portions 460 b, 460 c are on an opposite side of the extension 416 from ramped portions 460 a, 460 d.

Referring now to FIG. 67, an alternative embodiment of the expandable fusion device 10 is shown. As illustrated, the expandable fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, an actuator assembly 200, and a driving ramp 300. The expandable fusion device 10 shown on FIG. 67 is similar to the embodiment described above with respect to FIGS. 64-66, except the rod-receiving extension 416 includes a radial through opening or window 462. In exemplary embodiments, the window 462 may be sized to receive bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material and allow bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material to be packed into the device 10. In some embodiments, the window 462 may align with through openings 464 a, 464 b in the first endplate 14 and second endplate 16, respectively.

As previously discussed, embodiments of the present invention may include insertion of an expandable fusion device 10 into a disc space. In accordance with present embodiments, a number of different instruments may be used to form the access path leading through the patient's tissue and into the disc space. In some embodiments, these instruments may be arranged with the expandable fusion device 10 in a kit. These instruments may include, for example, needle assemblies, a Kirschner wire (“k-wire”), dilators, cannulas, and/or cutting devices. The needle assemblies may be used for creation of the initial path leading to the disc space, for example. An example of a suitable needle assembly includes a Jamshidi needle. In some instances, the needle assembly may include a stylet slidably disposed within a needle. Dilators may be placed over the k-wire and used to access the disc space, for example. In addition, dilators may also be used to enlarge the access path through the tissue created by the needle assembly. Cannulas may be used to provide a working channel into the disc space. Dilators and cannulas of different diameters may be provided. In some embodiments, the cannula may have a diameter of less than about 15 mm and, alternatively, less than about 10 mm. Cutting devices, such as intervertebral disc reamers, may be used to prepare the disc space, for example, by partially or completely removing the intervertebral disc.

FIG. 68 illustrates a dilator 466 that may be used in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the dilator 466 may have a proximal 468 and a distal end 470. In one particular embodiment, the dilator 466 may comprise an elongated, cylindrical body. In the illustrated embodiment, the distal end 470 of the dilator 466 is tapered for penetrating soft tissue of the patient when twisted or pushed. The dilator 466 may have measured markings 472 along its length, for example, to gauge the depth of insertion.

FIG. 69 illustrates a cannula 474 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the cannula 474 may have a proximal 476 and a distal end 478. In one particular embodiment, the cannula 474 may comprise an elongated, cylindrical body. The cannula 474 may have measured markings 480 along its length, for example, to gauge the depth of insertion. FIGS. 70-71 illustrate alternate embodiments of the cannula 474 in which the proximal end 476 of the cannula 474 includes notches 482. The notches 482 allow connection of attachments to the proximal end 476 of the cannula 474. As illustrated by FIG. 72, a connection assembly 484, which may be in the general shape of a collar, may be fitted onto the end of the cannula 474. In some embodiment, a funnel 486 may be attached to the collar-shaped connection assembly 484. As shown by FIG. 73, a fluid adapter 488 for introducing fluids into the disc space through the cannula 474 may be secured to the connection assembly 484 in alternative embodiments. In some embodiments, the distal end 478 of the cannula 474 may contain one or more features for facilitating insertion of the cannula 474 through adjacent vertebral bodies while avoiding the nerve root. For example, as shown by FIGS. 72 and 73, the distal end 478 of the cannula 474 may have one or more flattened outer surfaces 490 extending along a length of the cannula 474. In some embodiments, the flattened outer surfaces 490 may be on opposite sides of the cannula 474. A dilator 466 (e.g., shown on FIG. 68) for use with the cannula 474 of FIGS. 72 and 73 may be adapted, in accordance with present embodiments, to also have corresponding flattened outer surfaces.

An example technique for endoscopically inserting an expandable fusion device 10 between adjacent vertebrae will now be described. In accordance with present embodiments, an access path to the intervertebral disc space may be created. In some embodiments, the access path may be created using a posterolateral approach. For example, the access path may be at an angle of about 45° from the posterior of the patient. The access path may be through Kambin's triangle in some embodiments. To create the access path, the spinal needle assembly comprising a stylette and needle, for example, may be inserted into the patient's tissue and advanced to the disc space. The stylette may now be removed from the needle assembly with placement of the k-wire into the disc space through the needle. A dilator may now be placed over the k-wire and advanced through the patient's tissue to impact the disc space. A working cannula may now be placed over the dilator and into the disc space. A partial or complete discectomy may now be performed through the cannula. In some embodiment, an intervertebral disc reamer may be inserted through the cannula and manipulated to at least partially remove the disc. In some embodiment, the endplates of the adjacent vertebrae may be scraped to expose end surface for facilitating bone growth across the intervertebral disc space. Bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material may then be introduced into the disc space through the cannula. The working cannula may then be removed and a transition dilator may be advanced to the disc space. The transition dilator may have a larger diameter than the working cannula. Next, an implant cannula may be inserted over the transition dilator. The implant cannula may be sized to receive the expandable fusion device 10. In some embodiments, the implant cannula may be placed over the dilator with the discectomy performed through the implant cannula rather than the working cannula. The expandable fusion device 10 may then be placed into the disc space through the implant cannula and expanded to the desired height. Bone graft or similar bone growth inducing material may then be introduced into the expandable fusion device 10 in the disc space. In some embodiments, more than one access path to the disc space may be created with one or more steps performed through each access path. For example, the discectomy may be performed though a first access path while the fusion device 10 may be introduced through a second access path.

Although the preceding discussion only discussed having a single expandable fusion device Although the preceding discussion only discussed having a single expandable fusion device 10 in the intervertebral space, it is contemplated that more than one fusion device 10 can be inserted in the intervertebral space. When more than one fusion device 10 is used, each fusion device 10 may be introduced through the same or different access paths. It is further contemplated that each fusion device 10 does not have to be finally installed in the fully expanded configuration. Rather, depending on the location of the fusion device 10 in the intervertebral disc space, the height of the fusion device 10 may vary from unexpanded to fully expanded. It should be noted that, as well as the height being varied from an unexpanded configuration to an expanded configuration, the fusion 10 may be positioned permanently anywhere between the expanded configuration and the unexpanded configuration. Even further, although the preceding description describes expansion of the first and second endplates 14, 16 by pulling together of the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp (e.g., driving ramp 300), it is contemplated that embodiments of the present invention may include an expandable fusion device 10 in which the central ramp 18 and the driving ramp 300 are pushed away from one another to facilitate expansion of the first and second endplates 14, 16.

FIG. 74 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device with a graft delivery hole in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The fusion device 10 shares many similar features with prior embodiments, including a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18, a driving ramp 300 and an actuator assembly 200. However, the fusion device 10 in FIG. 74 also includes additional features, including multiple through openings 44 a, 44 b in the endplates and graft delivery holes 512, 515 in the rear of the driving ramp 300 and the central ramp 18.

The expandable fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14 and a second endplate 16. In some embodiments, the fusion device 10 can include a larger footprint than prior designs. In some embodiments, the fusion device 10 can be used in a lateral procedure, such as a lumbar lateral interbody fusion procedure, though one skilled in the art will appreciate that the device need not be limited to this approach. As the fusion device 10 in FIG. 74 can have a larger footprint, the endplates 14, 16 can also accommodate multiple through openings 44 a, 44 b, which are placed adjacent to one another. These openings 44 a, 44 b advantageously accommodate bone growth along the longitudinal length of the fusion device 10. In some embodiments, opening 44 a is the same size as opening 44 b. In other embodiments, opening 44 a is of a different size from opening 44 b.

Between the endplates 14 and 16 is the central ramp 18. The central ramp 18 includes a first expansion portion 412 and multiple ramped/angled portions 460 a, 460 b, 460 c, 460 d that are configured to engage with adjacent ramped/angled surfaces of the endplates. In some embodiments, the central ramp 18 can include at least two ramped portions extending from an upper surface and at least two ramped portions extending from a lower surface of the central ramp 18. Two or more ramped portions can be separated by a bridge member that extends along a longitudinal length of the central ramp 18. As shown in FIG. 74, in a rear portion of the central ramp 18, the central ramp 18 advantageously includes both a through bore 418 and a graft delivery hole 515. In some embodiments, the through bore 418 is threaded and configured to receive the threaded extension 404 of the actuator assembly 200. In contrast to prior embodiments, the central longitudinal axis of the through bore 418 is off-center from the central longitudinal axis of the central ramp 18 in order to accommodate the graft delivery hole 515. The adjacent graft delivery hole 515 advantageously serves as an access port to allow graft material to be delivered through the central ramp 18, either prior to insertion or even in situ if desired. The through bore 418 aligns with bore 366 in the driving ramp 300 and the graft delivery hole 515 aligns with an additional graft delivery hole 512 in the driving ramp 300, as discussed below. In addition, the central ramp 18 further includes a first opening 520 a and a second opening 520 b that are in communication with through openings 44 a and 44 b on the endplates.

Adjacent the central ramp 18 is the driving ramp 300, which includes one or more ramped portions 438. Like the central ramp 18, the driving ramp 300 includes a bore 366 adjacent a graft delivery hole 512. The bore 366 is configured to receive the actuator assembly 200 therethrough, and is aligned with the through bore 418 in the central ramp 18. Accordingly, the bore 366 has a central longitudinal axis that is off-set from the central longitudinal axis of the driving ramp 300 to accommodate the adjacent graft delivery hole 512. The graft delivery hole 512 of the driving ramp 300 is aligned with the graft delivery hole 515 of the central ramp 18 to allow graft material to be inserted into the implant, either prior to or even after insertion of the implant.

The expandable fusion device 10 further includes an actuator assembly 200 including a head portion 324 and a threaded shaft portion. The actuator assembly 200 is configured for insertion through the bore 366 in the driving ramp 300 and is operably coupled to the central ramp 18. As shown in FIG. 74, the actuator assembly 200 can include a locking ring 450 that is retained in a groove on the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200. Advantageously, as the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200 is inserted through the driving ramp 300, the locking ring 450 can compress and then expand within the driving ramp 300, thereby securely retaining the actuator assembly 200 in the driving ramp 300. In addition, the actuator assembly 200 can be accompanied by a washer 454. In some embodiments, the washer 454 can ride on the outside of the head portion 324 of the actuator assembly 200. The washer 454 can advantageously create a drag on the actuator assembly 200, thereby advantageously preventing unnecessary rotation of the actuator assembly 200 in the implant assembly.

FIGS. 75A and 75B are rear views of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 74. FIG. 75A shows the expandable fusion device 10 in a contracted state, while FIG. 75B shows the expandable fusion device 10 in an expanded state. From this view, one can see the bore 366 aligned alongside the graft delivery hole 512. Both the bore 366 and the graft delivery hole 512 are off-set from a central longitudinal axis of the driving ramp 300.

FIG. 76 is a top view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 74. From this view, one can see the actuator assembly 200 offset from a central longitudinal axis of the entire implant. In addition, from this view, one can see how the endplate openings 44 a and 44 b are of different sizes. By providing endplate openings 44 a and 44 b of different sizes, this advantageously allows graft material to be distributed differently along different points of the longitudinal axis of the implant 10.

FIG. 77 shows a side view of the expandable fusion device of FIG. 74. From this view, one can see the interaction between the various ramps 460 of the central ramp 18 with the ramped surfaces of the adjacent endplates 14, 16.

FIG. 78 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an expandable fusion device having removably attachable plates in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The fusion device 10 shares many similar features with prior embodiments, including a first endplate 14, a second endplate 16, a central ramp 18 with ramped surfaces 460, a driving ramp 300 and an actuator assembly 200. However, the fusion device 10 in FIG. 78 also includes additional features, including an upper plate member 604 and a lower plate member 608 that can be removably attached to the first endplate 14 and second endplate 16, respectively. The upper plate member 604 and the lower plate member 608 are advantageously configured to receive a fastener or bone screw (as shown in FIG. 80) that can be inserted into adjacent vertebral bodies. Advantageously, with the addition of the upper plate member 604 and the lower plate member 608, the fusion device 10 can be a stand-alone fusion device, as the plate members 604, 608 provide additional support to the device 10. In some embodiments, the upper plate member 604 and/or the lower plate member 608 can be removably detachable from the remaining components of the fusion device. In other embodiments, the upper plate member 604 and/or the lower plate member 608 can be fixedly attached such that it is not removable or detachable.

The expandable fusion device 10 includes a first endplate 14 and a second endplate 16. Like the embodiment in FIG. 74, the fusion device 10 can include a larger footprint than other designs. In some embodiments, the fusion device 10 can be used in a lateral procedure, such as a lumbar lateral interbody fusion procedure, though one skilled in the art will appreciate that the device need not be limited to this approach. As the fusion device 10 in FIG. 78 can have a large footprint, the endplates 14, 16 can also accommodate multiple through openings 44 a, 44 b, which are placed adjacent to one another. These openings 44 a, 44 b advantageously accommodate bone growth along the longitudinal length of the fusion device 10. In some embodiments, opening 44 a is the same size as opening 44 b. In other embodiments, opening 44 a is of a different size from opening 44 b.

As shown in FIG. 78, the first endplate 14 and second endplate 16 can include surface texturing, such as teeth, ribbing, grooves and ridges that assist in preventing expulsion of the device in between vertebral members. A raised surface 630 is formed at a rear portion of each of the endplates 14, 16 at the end of the surface texturing, as shown in FIGS. 78 and 81. The raised surfaces 630 advantageously serve as a stop or limit surface against which the upper plate member 604 and the lower plate member 608 can abut against when attaching the plate members to the endplates. As shown in FIG. 81, the raised surfaces 630 can be tapered or angled such that they are not at an even height across the device 10. In addition to these features, the first endplate 14 and the second endplate 16 can include screw holes 630 for receiving screws 640 to secure the endplates to the plate members.

Each of the first endplate 14 and the second endplate 16 can attach to a plate member. First endplate 14 can attach to upper plate member 604, while second endplate 16 can attach to lower plate member 608. In some embodiments, upper plate member 604 comprises an attachment portion 641 comprising a groove or recess 642 that is configured to receive a ledge 648 of the first endplate 14. Once the attachment portion 641 of the upper plate member 604 receives the first endplate 14 therein, one or more set screws 640 can be delivered through the upper plate member 604 and the first endplate 14 to easily secure the members together. In some embodiments, lower plate member 608 comprises an attachment portion 643 comprising a groove 644 that is configured to receive a ledge 649 of the second endplate 16. Once the attachment portion 643 receives second endplate 16 therein, one or more set screws 646 can be delivered through the lower plate member 608 and the second endplate 16 to easily secure the members together. In some embodiments, the upper plate member 604 can be pinned to the first endplate 14 by a different means, while the lower plate member 608 can be pinned to the second endplate 16 by a different means.

Upper plate member 604 comprises a first opening 614 for receiving a bone fastener 654 for inserting into an upper vertebral member, and a second opening 612 for receiving a blocking set screw 621 for preventing back-out of the bone fastener 654 once the bone fastener 654 is inserted into upper plate member 604. In some embodiments, blocking set screw 621 can comprise a cut-out portion 660 (shown in FIG. 78) that allows passage of the bone fastener 654 through the first opening 614. Once the bone fastener 654 passes through the first opening 614, the blocking set screw 621 can be rotated to abut the head of the bone fastener 654, thereby preventing back-out of the bone fastener 654. Lower plate member 608 comprises a first opening 618 for receiving a bone fastener 658 for inserting into a lower vertebral member, and a second opening 616 for receiving a different blocking set screw 622 for preventing back-out of the bone fastener 658 once the bone fastener 658 is inserted into the lower plate member 608. In some embodiments, blocking set screw 622 can comprise a cut-out portion 660 that allows passage of the bone fastener 658 through the first opening 618. Once the bone fastener 658 passes through the first opening 618, the blocking set screw 622 can be rotated to abut the head of the bone fastener 658, thereby preventing back-out of the bone fastener 658.

Advantageously, both the upper plate member 604 and the lower plate member 606 are optional. In some embodiments, a surgeon may choose to attach only one of the upper plate member 604 and the lower plate member 606 to the device 10. In addition, both the upper plate member 604 and the lower plate member 606 can be removably attached such that it is possible to remove them if desired. Moreover, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the upper plate member 604 and the lower plate member 606 need not be of the form as shown in FIG. 78. Other plate members of different sizes and shapes can be attached to endplates, thereby advantageously providing a modular system that can accommodate different patient anatomies.

Between the endplates 14 and 16 is the central ramp 18. The central ramp 18 includes a first expansion portion 412 and multiple ramped/angled portions 460 a, 460 b, 460 c, 460 d that are configured to engage with adjacent ramped/angled surfaces of the endplates. As in the embodiment in FIG. 74, the central ramp 18 can include a through bore 418 adjacent a graft delivery hole 515. The central ramp 18 can attach to the driving ramp 300. The through bore 418 of the central ramp can align with a bore 366 in the driving ramp, while the graft delivery hole 515 of the central ramp 18 can align with a graft delivery hole 512 in the driving ramp 300. In some embodiments, the graft delivery hole 515 can be threaded. In addition, in some embodiments, the graft delivery hole 515 can include a graft funnel attachment that can assist in delivering material through the graft delivery hole 515.

As in prior embodiments, an actuator assembly 200 can pass into the driving ramp 300 and into the central ramp 18. The actuator assembly 200 can be used to increase or decrease the height of the fusion device 10.

FIG. 79 is a side view of the fusion device 10 of FIG. 78 with plate members attached to the endplates. From this view, one can see how the attachment portion 641 of the upper plate member 604 receives the ledge 648 of the first endplate 14 and how the attachment portion 643 of the lower plate member 608 receives the ledge 649 of the second endplate 16.

FIG. 80 is a top perspective view of the fusion device 10 of FIG. 78 in an expanded state. As shown in this embodiment, expansion of the first endplate 14 away from the second endplate 16 also causes expansion of the upper plate member 604 away from the lower plate member 608.

FIG. 81 is a rear view of the fusion device 10 of FIG. 78. From this view, one can see the raised surface 630 a formed in the first endplate and the raised surface 630 b formed in the second endplate, which can be abutted against by plate members attached thereto.

FIGS. 82A and 82B are rear views of alternative expandable fusion devices having different attachable plates in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 82A shows a first upper plate member 604 a and a first upper plate member 608 a, each having a particular orientation. FIG. 82B shows a second upper plate member 604 b and a second upper plate member 608 b, each having a particular orientation. As the plate members 604 and 608 are modular and removably attachable, a surgeon can advantageously choose amongst different plate members with different orientations to attach to various patients, according to their anatomical differences.

The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims. Although individual embodiments are discussed, the invention covers all combinations of all those embodiments. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An expandable implant, having a proximal end and a distal end, comprising: a first endplate extending from the proximal end to the distal end; a second endplate opposed to the first endplate extending from the proximal end to the distal end; a central ramp positioned between the first endplate and the second endplate; a driving ramp positioned at the proximal end, wherein the driving ramp is operably connected with the central ramp; an actuator assembly configured to move the driving ramp; an upper plate member disposed on the proximal end and configured to removably engage the first endplate; and a lower plate member disposed on the proximal end and configured to removably engage the second endplate, wherein the upper plate member and the lower plate member are each further configured to receive one or more bone fasteners.
 2. The implant of claim 1, further comprising a first expansion portion disposed on the distal end.
 3. The implant of claim 1, wherein the first endplate includes a first stop surface to abut against the upper plate member.
 4. The implant of claim 3, wherein the second endplate includes a second stop surface to abut against the lower plate member.
 5. The implant of claim 1, wherein the first endplate is configured to receive at least one screw for securing the upper plate member to the first endplate.
 6. The implant of claim 5, wherein the second endplate is configured to receive at least one screw for securing the lower plate member to the second endplate.
 7. The implant of claim 1, wherein the driving ramp and the central ramp each further comprises a graft delivery hole for providing graft material in between the first endplate and the second endplate.
 8. The implant of claim 1, wherein the actuator assembly is configured to rotate and cause the first endplate and the second endplate to move to an expanded configuration.
 9. The implant of claim 8, wherein the driving ramp engages the central ramp when the actuator assembly is rotated.
 10. The implant of claim 9, wherein when the actuator assembly is rotated, the central ramp contains one or more ramps to engage the first endplate and one or more ramps to engage the second endplate to cause movement to the expanded configuration.
 11. An expandable implant, having a proximal end and a distal end, comprising: a first endplate extending from the proximal end to the distal end; a second endplate opposed to the first endplate extending from the proximal end to the distal end; a central ramp positioned between the first endplate and the second endplate, the central ramp including a first ramp in contact with the first endplate and a second ramp in contact with the second endplate; a driving ramp positioned at the proximal end of the implant, the driving ramp further positioned between the first endplate and the second endplate, wherein the driving ramp is operably connected with the central ramp; an actuator assembly comprising a threaded shaft received through the driving ramp; an upper plate member disposed on the proximal end and configured to removably engage the first endplate; and a lower plate member disposed on the proximal end and configured to removably engage the second endplate, wherein the upper plate member and the lower plate member are each further configured to receive one or more bone fasteners.
 12. The implant of claim 11, further comprising a first expansion portion disposed on the distal end.
 13. The implant of claim 11, wherein the first endplate includes a first stop surface to abut against the upper plate member.
 14. The implant of claim 13, wherein the second endplate includes a second stop surface to abut against the lower plate member.
 15. The implant of claim 11, wherein the first endplate is configured to receive at least one screw for securing the upper plate member to the first endplate.
 16. The implant of claim 15, wherein the second endplate is configured to receive at least one screw for securing the lower plate member to the second endplate.
 17. The implant of claim 11, wherein the driving ramp and the central ramp each further comprises a graft delivery hole for providing graft material in between the first endplate and the second endplate.
 18. The implant of claim 11, wherein the actuator assembly is configured to rotate and cause the first endplate and the second endplate to move to an expanded configuration.
 19. The implant of claim 18, wherein the driving ramp engages the central ramp when the actuator assembly is rotated.
 20. The implant of claim 19, wherein when the actuator assembly is rotated, the central ramp contains one or more ramps to engage the first endplate and one or more ramps to engage the second endplate to cause movement to the expanded configuration. 